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| 20% Shortfall in nominal wage for women than men |
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| Promote gender equality and empower women |
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| Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015 |
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Women not only spend significantly less time in paid employment than men; when they work outside the household their average income is also far lower. Although disaggregated data on nominal wages are scarce, the available evidence shows that, across regions, women’s nominal wages are roughly 20 per cent lower than men’s. While the data show that gender wage gaps exist across countries, these can vary significantly and can even be inverted. In Brazil, for example, women under the age of 25 earn a higher average hourly wage than their male counterparts.
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Because much of the work women do is underpaid and because they often perform low-status jobs and earn less than men, women’s per capita average earned income - measured by applying women’s share of non agricultural wages to gross domestic product – is far lower than men’s. Estimates based on wage differentials and participation in the labour force suggest that women’s estimated earned income is around 30 per cent of men’s in the countries surveyed in the Middle East and North Africa, around 40 per cent in Latin America and South Asia, 50 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa and around 60 per cent in CEE/CIS, East Asia and industrialized countries.
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* UNICEF calculations for Developing countries include countries and territories in the following regional groups. Middle East and North Africa:Bahrain, Egypt,
Jordan, Occupied Palestinian Territory. East Asia and Pacific:Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand. Countries in transition:
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Turkey, Ukraine. Latin America and Caribbean:Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica,
El Salvador, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, Peru. Sub-Saharan Africa:Botswana, Eritrea, Kenya, Swaziland.
Industrialized countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Luxembourg,
Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom. |
| Data: International Labour Organization, LABORSTA database, http://laborsta.ilo.org, accessed March 2006. |
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| *Estimated earnings are defined as gross domestic product per capita (measured in US dollars at 2003 prices adjusted for purchasing power parity)
adjusted for wage disparities between men and women. |
| Data: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2005: International cooperation at a cross roads: Aid, trade and security
in an unequal world,Oxford University Press for UNDP, New York, 2005, Table 25, pages 299-302. |
| Source: UNICEF, The State of The World’s Children 2007, New York, 2006. |
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